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Browse all calculatorsType a number or a numeral and get the other one, with the steps shown. It also explains mistakes such as IIII, VX and IC.
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A Roman numeral converter turns a number into Roman numerals and Roman numerals back into a number, usually from 1 to 3,999. It adds the values of the symbols I, V, X, L, C, D and M, subtracting when a smaller one comes first, so MCMXCIV is 1,000 + 900 + 90 + 4 = 1994.
This converter works both ways as you type, shows the working, and says why a numeral is wrong, such as IIII, VX or IC. It also converts dates, and an extended range writes numbers up to 3,999,999 with an overline. For other kinds of code, try the binary translator or the Morse code translator.
| Symbol | Value | Example |
|---|---|---|
| I | 1 | 2 = II |
| V | 5 | 8 = VIII |
| X | 10 | 30 = XXX |
| L | 50 | 63 = LXIII |
| C | 100 | 300 = CCC |
| D | 500 | 700 = DCC |
| M | 1000 | 2026 = MMXXVI |
Four steps, and the answer updates as you type.
Type digits in the Number box to get a numeral, or letters in the Roman numeral box to get a number. The other box fills in by itself, so there is no Calculate button.
Each symbol shows as a tile with its value, followed by the sum. MCMXCIV shows M, CM, XC and IV, then 1000 + 900 + 90 + 4 = 1994.
Standard is the modern rule set. Clock face also accepts IIII for 4, and Additive accepts IIII, VIIII, XXXX and other forms that never subtract.
Switch the range to write 4,000 to 3,999,999 with an overline, or open the Date tab to turn a day, month and year into numerals with the separator you choose.
The first hundred numbers, the six subtractive pairs, and round numbers up to 3,999,999.
| Number | Numeral | Number | Numeral |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I | 51 | LI |
| 2 | II | 52 | LII |
| 3 | III | 53 | LIII |
| 4 | IV | 54 | LIV |
| 5 | V | 55 | LV |
| 6 | VI | 56 | LVI |
| 7 | VII | 57 | LVII |
| 8 | VIII | 58 | LVIII |
| 9 | IX | 59 | LIX |
| 10 | X | 60 | LX |
| 11 | XI | 61 | LXI |
| 12 | XII | 62 | LXII |
| 13 | XIII | 63 | LXIII |
| 14 | XIV | 64 | LXIV |
| 15 | XV | 65 | LXV |
| 16 | XVI | 66 | LXVI |
| 17 | XVII | 67 | LXVII |
| 18 | XVIII | 68 | LXVIII |
| 19 | XIX | 69 | LXIX |
| 20 | XX | 70 | LXX |
| 21 | XXI | 71 | LXXI |
| 22 | XXII | 72 | LXXII |
| 23 | XXIII | 73 | LXXIII |
| 24 | XXIV | 74 | LXXIV |
| 25 | XXV | 75 | LXXV |
| 26 | XXVI | 76 | LXXVI |
| 27 | XXVII | 77 | LXXVII |
| 28 | XXVIII | 78 | LXXVIII |
| 29 | XXIX | 79 | LXXIX |
| 30 | XXX | 80 | LXXX |
| 31 | XXXI | 81 | LXXXI |
| 32 | XXXII | 82 | LXXXII |
| 33 | XXXIII | 83 | LXXXIII |
| 34 | XXXIV | 84 | LXXXIV |
| 35 | XXXV | 85 | LXXXV |
| 36 | XXXVI | 86 | LXXXVI |
| 37 | XXXVII | 87 | LXXXVII |
| 38 | XXXVIII | 88 | LXXXVIII |
| 39 | XXXIX | 89 | LXXXIX |
| 40 | XL | 90 | XC |
| 41 | XLI | 91 | XCI |
| 42 | XLII | 92 | XCII |
| 43 | XLIII | 93 | XCIII |
| 44 | XLIV | 94 | XCIV |
| 45 | XLV | 95 | XCV |
| 46 | XLVI | 96 | XCVI |
| 47 | XLVII | 97 | XCVII |
| 48 | XLVIII | 98 | XCVIII |
| 49 | XLIX | 99 | XCIX |
| 50 | L | 100 | C |
| Pair | Value | How it is built |
|---|---|---|
| IV | 4 | 5 minus 1 |
| IX | 9 | 10 minus 1 |
| XL | 40 | 50 minus 10 |
| XC | 90 | 100 minus 10 |
| CD | 400 | 500 minus 100 |
| CM | 900 | 1000 minus 100 |
| Number | Roman numeral |
|---|---|
| 100 | C |
| 200 | CC |
| 300 | CCC |
| 400 | CD |
| 500 | D |
| 600 | DC |
| 700 | DCC |
| 800 | DCCC |
| 900 | CM |
| 1000 | M |
| 2000 | MM |
| 3000 | MMM |
| 3999 | MMMCMXCIX |
| 4000 | IV typed as (IV) |
| 5000 | V typed as (V) |
| 10,000 | X typed as (X) |
| 50,000 | L typed as (L) |
| 100,000 | C typed as (C) |
| 500,000 | D typed as (D) |
| 1,000,000 | M typed as (M) |
| 3,999,999 | MMMCMXCIXCMXCIX typed as (MMMCMXCIX)CMXCIX |
The same number can be written several ways. This converter shows all of them, and it tells you which rule a wrong numeral breaks instead of just refusing it.
| Number | Standard | Clock face | Additive | Extended range |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4 | IV | IIII | IIII | IV |
| 9 | IX | IX | VIIII | IX |
| 14 | XIV | XIIII | XIIII | XIV |
| 40 | XL | XL | XXXX | XL |
| 49 | XLIX | XLIX | XXXXVIIII | XLIX |
| 90 | XC | XC | LXXXX | XC |
| 400 | CD | CD | CCCC | CD |
| 900 | CM | CM | DCCCC | CM |
| 1994 | MCMXCIV | MCMXCIIII | MDCCCCLXXXXIIII | MCMXCIV |
| 3999 | MMMCMXCIX | MMMCMXCIX | MMMDCCCCLXXXXVIIII | MMMCMXCIX |
| 4000 | Out of range | Out of range | Out of range | IV typed as (IV) |
| 4999 | Out of range | Out of range | Out of range | IVCMXCIX typed as (IV)CMXCIX |
| Written | Why it is not standard | Standard form |
|---|---|---|
| IIII | Four I in a row. Standard numerals repeat a symbol at most three times. Clock faces use IIII anyway. | IV (IIII on clock faces) |
| XXXX | Four X in a row, which standard numerals write with a subtracting pair. Old additive numerals allow it. | XL |
| VX | V is never written before a larger symbol. Only I, X and C are subtracted. | V |
| IC | I may only come before V or X, so 99 is built as XC + IX. | XCIX |
| IIX | Only one small symbol may stand before a larger one, so 8 is V + III. | VIII |
| VV | V, L and D are never repeated. | X |
| XM | X may only come before L or C, so 990 is CM + XC. | CMXC |
| LD | L is never written before a larger symbol, so 450 is CD + L. | CDL |
| VIV | V is never repeated, even with other letters between the two. | IX |
| MMMM | Standard numerals stop at MMMCMXCIX (3,999). From 4,000 the thousands take an overline. | none, use the extended range |
Cornerstones, monuments, film credits and copyright lines often show a year in Roman numerals. Type 2026 to get MMXXVI, or open the Date tab for a full day and month.
Dial designers often want IIII rather than IV. Switch the notation to Clock face and type each hour from 1 to 12 to see the whole dial, with IIII for 4 and IX for 9.
Monarchs, popes and family names carry numerals, such as Elizabeth II, Pope Leo XIV or a name ending in III. Convert one to check an order or to read it at a glance.
Book volumes, chapter headings, outline levels and the acts of a play are often numbered this way. Paste a numeral to read its value, or write one for a heading.
Wedding dates, birthdays and tattoos are a popular reason to convert a date. Pick the order and separator, then copy it. To work out an age from a birth date, use the age calculator.
Check hand conversions with the steps and see which rule a wrong answer breaks. The mistakes table above lists the common ones, and the online time calculator covers clock arithmetic.
Where the symbols came from, and why some of the rules are younger than you might expect.
The numerals derive directly from Etruscan number symbols. By the time the Colosseum was built, between CE 72 and 80, the classical form was already in place.
Writing four as IIII and ninety as LXXXX was common in antiquity. Subtractive forms such as IV and IX became the standard only long after the Western Roman Empire fell.
Roman numerals have no symbol for zero. The word nulla was used for it, first attested in a 525 AD manuscript by Dionysius Exiguus, and an epacts table from about 725 used the letter N.
Hindu-Arabic numerals reached Europe by the 11th century, yet Roman numerals stayed in common use into the 14th and 15th centuries. The switch was gradual rather than sudden.
A bar over a numeral, the vinculum, multiplies it by 1,000, so IV with a bar is 4,000 and XXV with a bar is 25,000. An older notation, the apostrophus, used C-shaped brackets around a number.
Many clock faces show 4 as IIII but 9 as IX, a practice that dates to the Wells Cathedral clock of the late 14th century. The clock in Elizabeth Tower uses IV.
A few rules explain most of the errors this converter catches.
Standard numerals are written from the highest place to the lowest and skip empty places, so 1,009 is MIX.
In standard form a symbol is repeated at most three times in a row. That is why 4 is IV and 40 is XL.
IV, IX, XL, XC, CD and CM are the only subtractive forms in standard use. Anything else, such as IC for 99, is not standard.
Gate 44 of the Colosseum is labelled XLIIII, which adds IIII after the subtractive XL. The Additive notation accepts forms like this one.
Run together, XIIX can be read more than one way, so keep a separator. Orders vary too: 4.VI.1789 and VI.4.1789 both mean 4 June 1789.
Lowercase, spaces and the single-character Unicode numerals all work. Everything runs in your browser and nothing is uploaded.
Standard numerals cover 1 to 3,999 and the extended range reaches 3,999,999. Zero, negative numbers and fractions are not converted. The Romans wrote fractions with S and dots, so for everyday fraction work use the fraction calculator.
The bar is drawn with styling in the result. Copy result gives the Unicode combining overline after each letter, which some apps and fonts draw badly. The bracket form, such as (IV), is plain text and safe to paste anywhere.
Dates run from year 1 to 3999 and use the modern Gregorian leap-year rule. In Excel, the ROMAN function gives an error above 3999 and offers styles from classic to simplified.
The rules, history and examples on this page come from these references. Competing explanations are labelled as such.
Short answers to what people ask most.
Read the symbols from left to right, adding each value and subtracting when a smaller symbol comes before a larger one. LXIII is L + X + I + I + I, which is 50 + 10 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 63.
Split the number into thousands, hundreds, tens and ones, then write each part with the symbols of its place. 1994 is 1000 + 900 + 90 + 4, which is M + CM + XC + IV, so MCMXCIV.
I is 1, V is 5, X is 10, L is 50, C is 100, D is 500 and M is 1000. Standard numerals combine them by adding, with six subtractive pairs: IV, IX, XL, XC, CD and CM.
In standard form it is 3,999, written MMMCMXCIX. A bar over a letter, called a vinculum, multiplies it by 1,000, and this converter goes up to 3,999,999 when you turn on the extended range.
Standard numerals repeat a symbol at most three times, so 4 is IV. Many clock faces use IIII anyway, a practice traced to the Wells Cathedral clock of the late 14th century, and the reasons given, such as symmetry with VIII and easier casting, are debated.
No. Only I, X and C are subtracted, and only from the next two larger symbols: I from V or X, X from L or C, and C from D or M. So 5 is V and 99 is XCIX. The converter names the rule a numeral breaks.
No. Roman numerals have no symbol for zero. The word nulla was used for it in some medieval manuscripts, with the earliest known instance in a 525 AD work by Dionysius Exiguus, but standard numerals start at I.
Write the year, month and day as separate numerals and keep a separator between them. For example, 2026/11/09 is MMXXVI/XI/IX. The Date tab lets you choose the order and the separator.
2026 is MMXXVI (MM + XX + VI) and 1999 is MCMXCIX (M + CM + XC + IX). Type any year from 1 to 3999 to see its numeral.
Use the overline, called a vinculum, which multiplies by 1,000. So 4,000 is IV with a bar, 5,000 is V with a bar and 1,000,000 is M with a bar. Turn on the extended range to see the bar, and use the bracket form (IV) when you need plain text.
Yes. mcmxciv is read the same as MCMXCIV, spaces are ignored, and the single-character Unicode Roman numerals also work. Digits belong in the Number box.
No. The conversion runs in your browser and nothing is sent to a server. The input appears in the page address only so that a shared link opens with the same numbers.